When the Perseverance rover lands on the Red Planet on February 18th, 2021, it would have successfully carried 11 metal 3D printed parts. Curiosity, Perseverance’s predecessor, became the first mission to take 3D printed parts to Mars when it landed in 2012 with a 3D printed ceramic part inside the rover’s ovenlike Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument. Since then, NASA continued to test 3D printing for use in spacecraft to make sure the reliability of the parts is well understood.
Andre Pate, the group lead for additive manufacturing at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California commented, “It’s like working with papier-mâché. You build each feature layer by layer, and soon you have a detailed part.”
All the eleven metal 3D printed parts are being sent as “secondary structures,” which means that these printed parts wouldn’t jeopardize the mission if they didn’t work as planned. However, Pate explained, “Flying these parts to Mars is a huge milestone that opens the door a little more for additive manufacturing in the space industry.”
PIXL – Five Metal 3D Printed Parts
Of the 11 metal 3D printed parts going to Mars, five are in Perseverance’s Planetary Instrument for X-ray Lithochemistry (PIXL) instrument. It is a lunchbox-size device will help the rover seek out signs of fossilized microbial life by shooting X-ray beams at rock surfaces to analyze them.
PIXL shares space with other tools in the 88-pound (40-kilogram) rotating turret at the end of the rover’s 7-foot-long (2-meter-long) robotic arm. To make the instrument as light as possible, the JPL team designed PIXL’s two-piece titanium shell, a mounting frame, and two support struts that secure the shell to the end of the arm to be hollow and extremely thin. In fact, the parts, which were 3D printed by a vendor called Carpenter Additive, have three or four times less mass than if they’d been produced conventionally.
Michael Schein, PIXL’s lead mechanical engineer at JPL explained, “In a very real sense, 3D printing made this instrument possible. These techniques allowed us to achieve a low mass and high-precision pointing that could not be made with conventional fabrication.”
MOXIE – Six Metal 3D Printed Parts
Perseverance’s six other metal 3D printed parts can be found in an instrument called the Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilization Experiment, or MOXIE. This device will test technology that, in the future, could produce industrial quantities of oxygen to create rocket propellant on Mars, helping astronauts launch back to Earth.
To create oxygen, MOXIE heats Martian air up to nearly 1,500 degrees Fahrenheit (800 degrees Celsius). Within the device are six heat exchangers – palm-size nickel-alloy plates that protect key parts of the instrument from the effects of high temperatures.
While a conventionally machined heat exchanger would need to be made out of two parts and welded together, MOXIE’s were each 3D-printed as a single piece at nearby Caltech, which manages JPL for NASA.
Samad Firdosy, a material engineer at JPL who helped develop the heat exchangers commented, “These kinds of nickel parts are called superalloys because they maintain their strength even at very high temperatures. Superalloys are typically found in jet engines or power-generating turbines. They’re really good at resisting corrosion, even while really hot.”
Although the new manufacturing process offers convenience, each layer of alloy that the printer lays down can form pores or cracks that can weaken the material. To avoid this, the plates were treated in a hot isostatic press – a gas crusher – that heats material to over 1,832 degrees Fahrenheit (1,000 degrees Celsius) and adds intense pressure evenly around the part. Then, engineers used microscopes and lots of mechanical testing to check the microstructure of the exchangers and ensure they were suitable for spaceflight.
Firdosy added, “I really love microstructures. For me to see that kind of detail as material is printed, and how it evolves to make this functional part that’s flying to Mars – that’s very cool.”
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